This family is comprised of sunbirds and spiderhunters. The family is distributed throughout Africa, southern Asia and just reaches northern Australia. The sunbirds have counterparts in two very distantly related groups: the hummingbirds of the Americas and the honeyeaters of Australia. The resemblances are due to convergent evolution due to the similar nectar-feeding lifestyle. The spiderhunters, of the genus Arachnothera, are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family. They are typically larger than the other sunbirds, with drab brown plumage and long down-curved beaks.
Most sunbirds feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Fruit is also part of the diet of some species. Sunbirds have long thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding. Some species can hover like hummingbirds, but most perch while feeding. Their flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Males are usually quite colorful, partly due to iridescence which can cause them to appear of varied appearance depending on the lighting (thus their name, sunbirds). Females are not iridescencent and thus less colorful. The nests of sunbirds are generally purse-shaped, enclosed, suspended from thin branches with generous use of spiderweb.
Sunbirds and hummingbirds have similar tongues due to convergent evolution. Wikipedia reports the following about hummingbirds; perhaps it also applies to sunbirds." Hummingbirds drink with their tongue by rapidly lapping nectar. Their tongues have tubes which run down their lengths and help the hummingbirds drink the nectar. High-speed photography has revealed that the tubes open down their sides as the tongue goes into the nectar, and then close around the nectar, trapping it so it can be pulled back into the beak.
See also Asian Sunbirds.
Genus Anabathmis
Sunbird, Newton's Anabathmis newtonii Found: São Tomé and Príncipe (islands off west coast Africa)
Image by: 1) Henrik_Gronvold 2) Muchaxo
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Sunbird, Principe Anabathmis hartlaubii Found: São Tomé and Príncipe (islands off west coast Africa)
Image by: 1, 2) John Gerrard Keulemans
Sunbird,_Reichenbach's Anabathmis reichenbachii Found: Africa
The Reichenbach's Sunbird is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria.
Image by:
1) John Gerrard Keulemans 2) Seth_of_Rabi 3, 4) Nik Borrow - Cameroon
Genus Anthobaphes - 1 species
Sunbird,_Orange-breasted Anthobaphes violacea Found: South Africa
The male Orange-breasted Sunbird has metallic green head, throat, mantle ;olive-green rest upperparts; metallic violet upper-breast; bright orange lower-breast; yellow belly; black tail, bill, legs. Female has olive-gray upperparts; yellowish-olive underpart; belly paler.
Image by: 1) Craig Adam - South Africa 2, 3) Derek Keats 4) Prosthetic_Head - Capetown
1) Female 2, 3, 4) Male
Genus Anthreptes
Sunbird,_Anchieta's Anthreptes anchietae Found: DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) Dave_Appleton - Malawi 3) Maans_Booysen - Angola 4) Nik_Borrow - Malawi
Sunbird, Banded Anthreptes rubritorques Found: Tanzania
Image by: 1) ddarbela
Sunbird,_Brown-throated also Plain-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis Found: southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
The male Brown-throated Sunbird has iridescent green and purple upperparts; chestnut on wing-coverts, scapulars; mainly yellow underparts; brown throat bordered with black and purple. Female has olive-green upperparts; yellowish underparts.
Image by: 1) Melvin Yap 2) Darren_Bellerby - Singapore 3) NatureAtYourBackyard 4) Doug_Janson - Singapore 5) Lip_kee - Singapore
1) Female 2) Female or juvenile male 3, 4, 5) Male
Sunbird, Eastern Violet-backed also Kenya Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes orientalis Found: east Africa
Image by: 1) Dave_Curtis - Kenya 2) Peter_Steward
Sunbird, Little Green also Seimund's sunbird Anthreptes seimundi Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Miichael_And_Helen_Cox
Sunbird, Gray-chinned also Green Sunbird Anthreptes rectirostris Found: Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
Image by: 1, 3) John Gerrard Keulemans 2) Dave_Curtis
1, 2) Female 3) Male
Sunbird,_Mouse-brown also Mangrove Sunbird Anthreptes gabonicus Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Paul Lathbury 2) Steve Garvie 3) Bram_ter_Keurs - Ghana 4) Nik_Borrow - Ghana
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Sunbird, Plain Anthreptes simplex Found: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) Wayne_WG - Singapore
1) Pair 2) Male
Sunbird, Plain-backed also Blue-throated Sunbird Anthreptes reichenowi Found: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
Image by: 1) Graham_Ekins - Mozambique 2) Steve Garvie
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1) Female (red pollen on breast) 2) Male
Sunbird, Red-throated Anthreptes rhodolaemus Found: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
Image by: 1) Benjamin Naden 2) John Gerrard Keulemans 3) Adolph_Kohr
1) Female 2, 3) Male
Sunbird,_Uluguru_Violet-backed Anthreptes neglectus Found: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
Image by: 1) hbw.com 2) Nik_Borrow - Cameroon
Sunbird, Violet-tailed Anthreptes aurantius Found: Africa
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) Julie DeWilde
2) Male
Sunbird,_Western_Violet-backed Anthreptes longuemarei Found: Africa
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) P_Khoo 3) Nigel Voaden
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1) Female 2) Pair 3) Male
Genus Chalcomitra
Sunbird,_Amethyst also Black Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina also Nectarinia amethystina Found: Africa
Not to be confused with the Black Sunbird of Asia, Leptocoma sericea.
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1) Female 2, 3) Male
Sunbird, Buff-throated Chalcomitra adelberti Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) John Gerrard Keulemans 3) Francesco_Veronesi - Ghana
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1) Female 2, 3) Male
Sunbird, Carmelite Chalcomitra fuliginosa Found: Africa
The Carmelite Sunbird is found in Liberia as well as the lower Congo River and coastal areas of western and central Africa down to central Angola.
1) Female 2) Immature male 3) Male
Sunbrid, Green-throated Chalcomitra rubescens Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) Dick Daniels - specimen in Nairobi National Museum, Kenya 3) Francesco Veronesi - Kenya
1) Female 2, 3) Male
Sunbird, Hunter's Chalcomitra hunteri Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Lip_Kee - Ethiopia 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Dick Daniels - Nairobi National Park, Kenya
1, 2) Female - Hell’s Gate National Park 3 - 8) Male - Nairobi National Park
Sunbird,_Scarlet-chested Chalcomitra senegalensis also Nectarinia senegalensis Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 6) Joseph Mochoge - Gilgil, Kenya 2, 8) Derek_Keats - Zimbabwe 3, 4, 5) Dick Daniels - South Africa 7) Cristiano Crolle - Namibia
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2 - 4) Female 5 - 8) Male
Sunbird, Socotra Chalcomitra balfouri Found: Socotra islands (Indian Ocean)
Image by: 1) Joseph Smit
Genus Cinnyris
This genus has species in Africa and Asia
Sunbird, Anjouan Cinnyris comorensis Found: Comoros islands (Indian Ocean off east coast Africa)
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) Pete_Morris
Sunbird, Bate's Cinnyris batesi Found: west-central Africa
The male Bate's Sunbird has dark olive upperparts; pale supercilium; paler gray underparts with yellow tinge to belly; dark brown wings. Female is similar
Sunbird,_Beautiful Cinnyris pulchellus Found: Africa
The male Greater Double-collared Sunbird has metallic green upperparts, head, upper-breast; broad red breast band separated from the green by narrow blue band; pale gray rest of underparts.
The Prigogine's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris aferprigoginei.
The Stuhlmann's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris afer stuhlmanni.
The Prigogine's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris aferprigoginei.
The Stuhlmann's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris afer stuhlmanni.
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1) Female 2) Nonbreeding male 3 -5) Breeding male
Sunbird,_Black-bellied Cinnyris nectarinioides Found: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
Image by: 1) Peter_Steward - Kenya 2) Nik_Borrow
1, 2) Male
Sunbird, Congo Cinnyris congensis Found: Congo
Image by: 1) hbw.com
Sunbird, Copper Cinnyris cupreus Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Sabine's_Sunbird - Uganda 2) Greg_Miles
Sunbird,_Dusky Cinnyris fuscus Found: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa
Image by: 1) Ian_White - South Africa 2) Alan_Manson - South Africa 3) Johann_du_Preez - South Africa 4) Graham_Duggan
1) Female 2, 3) Nonbreeding male 4) Breeding male
Sunbird,_Eastern_Double-collared Cinnyris mediocris Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Nik_Borrow - Tanazania 2) Peter Steward - Kenya 3) Nigel Voaden
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1) Female or juvenile 2, 3) Male
Sunbird,_Greater_Double-collared Cinnyris afer Found: South Africa
The male Greater Double-collared Sunbird has metallic green upperparts, head, upper-breast; broad red breast band separated from the green by narrow blue band; pale gray rest of underparts.
The Prigogine's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris aferprigoginei.
The Stuhlmann's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris afer stuhlmanni.
The Prigogine's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris aferprigoginei.
The Stuhlmann's Sunbird a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris afer stuhlmanni.
Sunbird, Humblot's Cinnyris humbloti Found: Comoros islands in Indian Ocean east of Africa
The male Humblot's Sunbird has green upperparts with dark or gold gloss; throat and upper-breasted glossed with purple; yellowish-green lower-breast, belly. Female has olive-green upperparts; grayer on head; grayer underparts with darkmspots and streaks.
Sunbird, Johanna's Cinnyris johannae Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) John_Gerrard_Keulemans
Sunbird, Loveridge's Cinnyris loveridgei Found: Tanzania
Image by: 1) Dick Daniels - specimen in Nairobi National Museum, Kenya
1) Male
Sunbird_ Madagascar also Malagasy Green Sunbird Cinnyris notatus Found: Comoros, Madagascar, Mayotte
Image by: 1) Kristian Svensson 2) Francesco_Veronesi
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1) Female 2) Male
Sunbird, Marico also Mariqua Sunbird Cinnyris mariquensis Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) Derek_Keats - South Africa 3) Tude e João - Botswana
1, 2, 3) Female 4) Male
Sunbird, Mayotte Cinnyris coquerellii Found: southeast Cosomos Islands (east of Africa in Indian Ocean)
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) Roger_Le_Guen
Sunbird,_Miombo Cinnyris manoensis Found: south-central Africa
The Miombo Sunbird is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Sunbird, Montane Double-collared also Ludwig's Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris ludovicensis Found: western Angola, Malawi
The male Montane Double-collared Sunbird has glossy metallic-green with golden sheen head, back, throat, upper-breast; scarlet lower breast; dark olive rest underparts. Female has dark grayish-brown upperparts; brownish-black tail; grayish-buff supercilium, chin; brownish-gray underparts with yellowish central area.
Sunbird, Moreau's Cinnyris moreaui Found: Tanzania
The male Moreau's Sunbird has iridescent bronze green upperparts, throat; green rump; dark-brown tail; narrow blue breast band with red below. Female has olive-green upperparts, head; olive-brown rump; dark brown tail; grayish-yellow throat; olive-yellow underparts..
Sunbird, Neergaard's Cinnyris neergaardi Found: Mozambique, South Africa
The male Neegaard's Sunbird has metallic green head, back, throat; black wings; blue rump; brownish-black tail. Female has grayish-brown upperparts, head; olive-brown rump; dark brown tail; pale supercilium; pale grayish-brown underparts.
1) Female 2) Male
Sunbird,_Northern_Double-collared Cinnyris reichenowi Found: Africa
The male Northern Double-collared Sunbird has metallic green head and back that shows blue in some light; grayish-brown rump; dark brown wings; green throat; narrow purple collar; scarlet beast; pale brown belly. Female has dark olive-green upperparts; dark brown tail; grayish-olive underparts with belly tinged yellow.
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Sunbird,_Olive-bellied Cinnyris chloropygius Found: Africa
The male Olive-bellied Sunbird has metallic green back, head, throat; dark brown wings; black tail; metallic blue rump; narrow blue breast-band above scalet breast patch; olive belly. Female has olive-brown upperparts, head; dark brown wings, tail; olive washed with yellow underparts.
1) Female 2, 3, 4)Male
Sunbird,_Orange-tufted Cinnyris bouvieri Found: central Africa
The Orange-tufted Sunbird is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia.
Sunbird, Oustalet's Cinnyris oustaleti Found: Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia
Image by: 1, 2) John_Gerrard_Keulemans
1) Female 2) Male
Sunbird_ Palestine Cinnyris osea Found: Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa
The male Palestine Sunbird has mainly dark plumage that appears glossy blue or green in sunlight; orange tufts at sides of breasts (hard to detect). Female has gray-brown upperparts; pale underparts.
Sunbird, Pemba Cinnyris pembae Found: Pemba Island (Tanzania)
Image by: 1) Nigel Voaden
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Sunbird, Prigogine's Cinnyris prigoginei Found: southeast DR Congo, west Uganda
The Prigogine's Sunbird also considered a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris afer prigoginei.
Sunbird,_Purple-banded Cinnyris bifasciatus Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Joseph Mochoge - Gilgil, Kenya 2, 3) Alan Manson - South Africa
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1) nonbreeding male 2, 3) Breeding male
Sunbird,_Red-chested Cinnyris erythrocercus Found: Africa
The Red-chested Sunbird is found in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
1, 2) Female 3, 4) Male
Sunbird,_Regal Cinnyris regius Found: Burundi, DR Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
The male Regal Sunbird has iridescent golden-greenupperparts, head; red and yellow underparts. Female has dull olive upperparts; yellowish faintly streaked underparts.
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1, 2) Male 3) Moulting male
Sunbird, Rockefeller's Cinnyris rockefelleri Found: DR Congo
Image by: 1) Field Museum
Sunbird, Rufous-winged Cinnyris rufipennis Found: Tanzania
Image by: 1) Valéry Schollaert
Sunbird, Seychelles Cinnyris dussumieri Found: Seychelles Islands (east of Africa in Indian Ocaen)
The male Seychelles Sunbird has iridescent violet-green patch on throat; yellow tufts under wing. Female duller with pale gray underparts.
1, 2) Female 3) Male
Sunbird,_Shelley's Cinnyris shelleyi Found: DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Image by: 1, 2) Henrik_Gronvold 3) P_Khoo
1) Female 2, 3) Male
Sunbird,_Shining Cinnyris habessinicus Found: northern Africa
The breeding male Shining Sunbird has bright metallic green upperparts, throat; blue crown; bright red breast-band; with narrow blue boarder; blue-black wings, tail. Female has mainly gray or brown plumage.
Sunbird,_Souimanga Cinnyris sovimanga Found: Madagascar, the Aldabra Group, Glorioso Islands
The breeding male Souimanga Sunbird has metalic green back, head, throat; blackish breast; yellow belly; brown wings, tail. Female has gray-brown upperparts; dull yellow belly; gray throat, breast.
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1) Female 2 - 5) Male
Sunbird,_Southern_Double-collared also Lesser Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris chalybeus Found: Africa
The male Southern Double-collared Sunbird has metallic green upperparts, head, upper-breast; blue breast-band; pale belly. Female has brown upperparts; yellowish-gray underparts.
1, 2) Female 3 - 7) Male
Sunbird,_Splendid Cinnyris coccinigastrus Found: central tropical Africa
The Splendid Sunbird has mainly glossy purple upperparts; dark green back, wing-bar; crimson breast patch. Female has greenish-brown upperparts; yellowish underparts.;
Sunbird,_Stuhlmann's Cinnyris stuhlmanni Found: DR Congo, Uganda
The male Stuhlmann's Sunbird has glossy metallic-green head, back, upper-breast; scarlet lower-breast; olive belly. Female has dark grayish-brown upperparts; blackish-brown tail; grayish-buffer supercilium, chin; brownish-gray underparts with yellowish central part. Sometimes considered to be
a subspecies of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird. It would then be Cinnyris afer stuhlmanni.
Sunbird, Superb Cinnyris superbus Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 3) Francesco_Veronesi - Ghana
Sunbird, Tsavo Cinnyris tsavoensis Found: Kenya, Tanzania
Image by: Peter_Steward
Sunbird, Ursula's Cinnyris ursulae Found: western Cameroon and Bioko island
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans
Sunbird, Variable Cinnyris venustus Found: Africa
The breeding male Variable Sunbird has (in most subspecies) glossy green head, nape, throat; yellow belly. Female has gray-brown upperparts; pale supercilium; yellowish underparts. Nonbreeding male similar to female but has some green, especially on throat.
Image by: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8) Dick Daniels -Tanzania 3, 4, 9, 10) Kenya 5) Joseph Mochoge - Eburu Kenya 11) Yathin S Krishnappa
1 - 5) Female 6 - 11) Male
Sunbird, Violet-breasted Cinnyris chalcomelas Found: Kenya, Somalia
Image by: 1) Jan_Willem_Steffelaar
Sunbird,_White-breasted also White-bellied Sunbird regal
The White-breasted Sunbird is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
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Genus Cyanomitra
Sunbird, Bannerman's Cyanomitra bannermani Found: Angola, DR Conga, Zambia
Image by: 1) Johannes Pfleiderer - Barcelona Zoo
Sunbird, Blue-headed Cyanomitra alinae Found: Burundi, DR Congo, Rwanda, Uganda
Image by: 1) Field Museum
Sunbird, Blue-throated Brown Cyanomitra cyanolaema Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) John_Gerrard_Keulemans
Sunbird, Cameroon Cyanomitra oritis Found: Cameroon, Nigeria
Image by: 1) Ron Knight - Mt Cameroon
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Sunbird,_Eastern_Olive also Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra olivacea Found: Africa
The Western Olive Sunbird is also considered to be subspecies of Eastern Olive Sunbird (Cyanomitra olivacea) . It would thus be Cyanomitra olivacea obscura.
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Sunbird,_Green-headed Cyanomitra verticalis Found: Africa
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keuleman 2, 4) Dave Curtis - Kenya 3) Tom Tarrant
1, 2) Female 3, 4) Male
Sunbird, Mouse-colored Cyanomitra veroxii Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2, 3) Dick Daniels - Tanzania 4) Alan_Manson - South Africa
Sunbird, Tiny Cinnyris minullus Found: west central Africa
Image by: 1) Mike_Barth
Sunbird, Western Olive Cyanomitra obscura Found: Africa
The Western Olive Sunbird is also considered to be subspecies of Eastern Olive Sunbird (Cyanomitra olivacea) . It would thus be Cyanomitra olivacea obscura. It is found roughly west of the East African Rift.
Genus Deleornis
Sometimes included in Anthreptes
Sunbird, Fraser's Deleornis fraseri Found: Africa
Image by: 1) John_Gerrard_Keulemans 2) Michael_Andersen
Sunbird, Gray-headed Deleornis axillaris Found: DR Congo, Tanzania, Uganda
Image by: 1) Adam_Kennedy
Genus Drepanorhynchus - 1 species
Sunbird,_Golden-winged Drepanorhynchus reichenowi Found: Africa
The Golden-winged Sunbird has yellow-edged feathers in wings, tail. Breeding male has metallic redish-copper color on upperparts. Male has brownish-black underparts. Female has olive upperparts; yellowish underparts.
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1, 2) Breeding male 3) Male
Genus Hedydipna
Sunbird, Amani Hedydipna pallidigaster Found: kenya, Tanzania
The male Amani Sunbird has dark green upperparts; white underparts. Female has gray upperparts and white underparts.
Sunbird,_Collared Hedydipna collaris Found: Africa
The male Collared Sunbird has glossy green upperparts; yellow belly; narrow purple breast-band. Female is duller green upperparts; entirely yellow underparts.
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1) Female 2) Juvenile male 3, 4, 5) Male
Sunbird,_Nile_Valley Hedydipna metallica Found: Africa
The breeding male Nile Valley Sunbird has gloss green upperparts; brilliant yellow underparts; long tail. female and nonbreeding male has pale gray upperparts; washed out yellow underparts.
1) Female 2, 3) Male
Sunbird,_Pygmy Hedydipna platura Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Ron_Knight 2, 3) Francesco_Veronesi - Gambia
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Genus Nectarinia
African sunbirds
Sunbird, Bocage's Nectarinia bocagii Found: Angola, DR Congo
Image by: 1) John Gerrard Keulemans 2) Maans_Booysen - Angola
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1) Pair 2) Male
Sunbird,_Bronze Nectarinia kilimensis Found: Africa
Image by: 1) Dick Daniels - specimen in Nairobi National Museum, Kenya 2) Stephen_Nawrocki - Rwanda 3) Peter Steward - Kenya 4, 5) Steve Garvie 6) Tom_Tarrant - Uganda
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1, 2, 3) Female 4, 5, 6) Male
Sunbird,_Malachite Nectarinia famosa Found: Africa
The breeding male Malachite Sunbird has very long central tail feather; mainly metallic green plumage; blackish-green wings. Nonbreeding male has mainly brown upperparts; green wings, tail; yellow underparts flecked with green. Female has brown upperparts; dull yellow underparts with some indistinct streaking on breast.
1, 2) Female 3) Transitional 4 - 6) Male
Sunbird, Purple-breasted Nectarinia purpureiventris Found: Burundi, DR Congo, Rwanda, Uganda
Image by: 1) Lee_Hunter 2) sunbird - Rwanda 3) Rhys_Marsh
Sunbird, Scarlet-tufted also Red-turfed Sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni Found: Africa
Image by: 1) John Gerrard Keulemans 2) Winfei_Tong 3, 4, 5) Dick Daniels - Tanzania
Sunbird,_Tacazze Nectarinia tacazze Found: Africa
Image by: 1, 2) Dick Daniels - specimen in Nairobi National Museum, Kenya 3) Nigel_Voaden - Tanzania 4) Peter_Steward - Kenya
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1) Female 2, 3, 4) Male
